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Critical making refers to the hands-on productive activities that link digital technologies to society. It is invented to bridge the gap between creative physical and conceptual exploration. The purpose of critical making lies in the learning extracted from the making rather than the experience derived from the finished output. The term "(critical making )" is popularized by Matt Ratto, an Associate Professor and director of the Critical Making lab in the Faculty of Information at the University of Toronto. Ratto describes one of the main goals of critical making as: “...to use material forms of engagement with technologies to supplement and extend critical reflection and, in doing so, to reconnect our lived experiences with technologies to social and conceptual critique.” "Critical making" as defined by practitioners like Matt Ratto and Stephen Hockema, "is an elision of two typically disconnected modes of engagement in the world — "critical thinking," often considered as abstract, explicit, linguistically based, internal and cognitively individualistic; and "making," typically understood as tacit, embodied, external, and community-oriented." Critical making has been coined as a reaction to digitisation and is moreover a reaction to things that have essentially been done before. It involves engaging with physical components and materials in their raw forms and building something from scratch, encouraging maker culture. Critical making is less about the aesthetics of the end product and more about the process and conceptual exploration.It is the inquiry that matters and not the final solution Through making you get a better understanding of how various technologies function. Critical Making gives birth to curiosity. While making, you question several aspects of the process, explore various directions formulating your own opinion on what works or does not work and why. The main focus of critical making is open design. Open design develops a critical perspective on the current institutions, practices and norms of society, and reconnects materiality and morality. Matt Ratto introduces Critical Making as processes of material and conceptual exploration and creation of novel understandings by the makers themselves. Critical Making includes digital software and hardware. Software usually refers to the (Raspberry Pi or Arduino ), hardware refers to a computer, or any other device that facilitates an operation. == Matt Ratto and Critical Making == (Matt Ratto ) coined the term in 2008〔Ratto, Matt. “Flwr Pwr: Tending the Walled Garden.” 2-day Critical Making Workshop for the Walled Garden conference, Virtueel Platform, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, November 20–22, 2008.〕 to describe his workshop activities that linked conceptual reflection and technical making. This concept explores how learning is influenced by the learner's participation towards creating and/or making things within the technological context. Ratto's first publication to use the term was in 2009. Ratto claims that his goal is to connect the conceptual understanding of technology in social life to the materialized activities. By situating himself within the area of “design-oriented research” rather than “research-oriented research”, Ratto believes that critical making enhance the shared experience in both theoretical and practical understandings of critical socio-technical issues However, critical making should not be reviewed as design, but rather as a type of practice. The quality of critical making lab is evaluated based on the physical “making” process, regardless of quality of the final material production. Prior studies have noted the separation between critical thinking and physical “making”. Specifically, experts in technology lack the knowledge from art, and vice versa, however it is very important that technology be embedded in a context rather than being left in isolation especially when it comes to critical making. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Critical making」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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